The brand new onset of egg laying having hens is actually affected by genotype, nutritional system status and you will environment criteria. Local types (light eggshell types-Padovana and you can Polverara; tinted eggshell types-Pepoi, Ermellinata di Rovigo, Robusta Maculata and you can Robusta Lionata) from the Veneto part, when you look at the Northern Italy, were reared outside out-of spring season (6 months of age; six WA) so you can fall and you may winter months. The brand new onset of putting varied with respect to the reproduce (22–28 WA): just the shaded eggshell breeds already been installing at the end of summer/beginning of trip, about visibility out of a turning down sheer photoperiod, together with egg development survived for the majority months. In the 38 WA, phony white try gradually put in the fresh new photoperiod to get 14L:10D, and also at 42 WA, every six types was basically putting. Getting hens reared outside, relations one of ecosystem, human body times and you may health criteria is highly recommended. The information to your productive give and you will egg top-notch brand new local breed hens are useful to your management of the brand new wild birds and for an acceptable way to obtain egg, for market as well as for brooding all year round.
Conceptual
The month of hatching and the rearing management, especially temperature and photoperiod, are important factors for pullets and hens reared outdoors. The yield performance and egg quality of dual-purpose chicken breeds from the Veneto region (Italy), Pepoi (PP), Ermellinata di Rovigo (ER), Robusta Maculata (RM) and Robusta Lionata (RL), with different adult body weights (ABW, kg, PP = 1.3; ER = 2.3, RM and RL = 3.1), were studied, using a factorial model (4 ? 2), considering breed and age (26–33 weeks, first age, summer–autumn, under decreasing natural photoperiod-on average, 12L:12D, and 42–53 weeks, second age, winter, under implemented photoperiod-14L:10D) as the main attraktiva mexikansk-flickor effects and interaction. The chicks hatched in spring, and they started laying at the end of summer/beginning of autumn. Significant ( p
step one. Addition
Throughout the last couple decades, interest in dual-goal chicken types has been expanding, both for biodiversity and you may moral concerns. Considering the progress into the genetic improvements to have produce show within the hybrid hens done by a number of reproduction enterprises all over the industry , biodiversity is currently one of many trick principles out of durability to possess food and agriculture . The fresh new moral affect creature passion is actually a deeper extremely important concern, and therefore considers not simply new rearing criteria of your own wild birds but also its management. The new guys of eggs layer hybrids was killed shortly after hatching, as they do not perform some basic development and you will slaughtering high quality questioned on industry . Furthermore, hybrid broilers show many physical difficulties, which do not let them has sufficient better-being criteria, and you will 100 % free-diversity rearing solutions try growing while they ensure it is chickens to raised show their sheer behavior [step three,4]. During the Italy, the newest Veneto region keeps a lengthy lifestyle out of chicken breeding, a number of chicken breeds have existed for almost all centuries, plus the midst of the final century, particular dual-objective purebreds are created playing with white- and you may brownish-eggshell types . The original character that distinguishes the new breeds, according to its provider, ‘s the shade of the fresh new eggshell, as chicken genotypes features a separate phylogenetic supply, with developed independently on nuts Gallus genus just after domestication, and several muscles characteristics disagree between them. After the group recommended by the Ghigi, in 1905, new residential poultry breeds is going to be split into three organizations, centered on its morphological, physiological and you can practical attributes . You can find breeds, which are eg insane Gallus genus, proving very early growth and you may sexual maturity and a premier production of egg having light eggshells. Quite the opposite, you will find types very unlike nuts Gallus , showing defer growth and you may sexual readiness, reasonable egg design which have brown eggshells, and you may, throughout the 3rd class, discover intermediate breeds, also known as dual-goal breeds, and therefore inform you advanced qualities, with increased resemblance towards the breeds from the earliest or next category . Indeed, we know your breeds generating eggs that have white eggshells has actually human anatomy increases, good metabolic profile and you may structure alot more appropriate large eggs design than just brown eggshell types. So it physiological position, better displayed by the light eggshell hybrids [7,8], demonstrates the brand new mineral consumption is used for some of the skeletal and you will growth of muscles till the start of putting following utilized for egg production, to avoid race towards ate nutrients anywhere between human body creativity and eggs formation. More recently, training, considering SNP range, genotyped of numerous chicken types and you may hybrids around the world to test brand new hereditary range between and you will during the communities to your effective management of poultry genetic resources [nine,10]. Variations in hereditary range inside population was basically shown amongst the highly chose commercial layer lines and lots of African, Southern Western and several regional Asian and Eu types , also particular Italian types .